Associate Professor Steven Rynne
Associate Professor
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences
+61 7 334 69977
Researcher biography
Dr Steven Rynne gained his PhD in the field of sports coach learning from the University of Queensland, having been awarded the first Queensland Academy of Sport PhD research scholarship. Steven has worked with UQ HMS and the Australian Sports Commission as a research officer investigating coach learning in the National Coaching Scholarship Program and is currently involved as a research fellow on a Laureus Sport for Good Foundation project being run through the Indigenous Sport Program (Australian Sports Commission). Steven also works with Cricket Australia contributing to coach education and development projects. Steven teaches undergraduate and graduate students in sports coaching. He is a registered Health and Physical Education Teacher and also coaches junior and masters track cyclists.
| Featured projects | Duration |
|---|---|
| Sport for Development Programmes: Privatised Aid and Indigenous Sport in Australia and Canada | |
| Evaluating the Value Created from Cricket Australia’s International Coach Study Tour | |
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Mental performance in competition training program for coaches Australian Sports Commission |
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Elevate Coach Program Australian Sports Commission |
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| Connecting through sport |
Publications
Book Chapters
Culver, Diane, Holder, Darren and Rynne, Steven B. (2019). Travel-based learning: study tours for high performance coaches. Coach Education and Development in Sport: Instructional Strategies. (pp. 129-140) edited by Betty Callary and Brian Gearity. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Rynne, Steven B., Rossi, Tony, Giles, Audrey and Currey, Carl (2019). Becoming an agent of change: key strategies for the development of coaches in Indigenous Sport for Development contexts. Coach education and development in sport: instructional strategies. (pp. 260-271) edited by Betty Callary and Brian Gearity. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Rynne, S. B., Crudgington, B. and Mallett, C. J. (2019). The coach as mentor. Professional advances in sports coaching: research and practice. (pp. 228-247) edited by Richard Thelwell and Matt Dicks. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781351210980-15
Giles, A., Rynne, S. B., Hayhurst, L. and Rossi, T. (2018). Canada and Australia: SDP and Indigenous people. Routledge Handbook for Sport for Development and Peace. (pp. 453-463) edited by Holly Collison , Simon C. Darnell, Richard Giulianotti and P. David Howe. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315455174
Rynne, Steven, Crudgington, Robert, Dickinson, Rebecca K. and Mallett, Clifford J. (2017). On the (potential) value of coaching. Routledge handbook of talent identification and development in sport. (pp. 283-298) edited by Joseph Baker, Stephen Cobley, Jörg Schorer and Nick Wattie. Abingdon, Oxon United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315668017-20
Rynne, Steven B., Mallett, Clifford J. and Rabjohns, Martin W. O. (2016). High performance coaching: demands and development. The psychology of sports coaching: research and practice. (pp. 114-126) edited by Richard Thelwell, Chris Harwood and Iain Greenlees. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315689210-9
Mallett, Clifford J. and Rynne, Steven (2015). Changing role of coaches across development. Routledge handbook of sport expertise. (pp. 394-403) edited by Joseph Baker and Damian Farrow. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Mallett, Clifford J., Emmett, Matthew and Rynne, Steven (2015). Mentoring high performance athletes. Mentoring in physical education and sports coaching. (pp. 172-179) edited by Fiona C. Chambers. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315797687-19
Mallett, Clifford, Rynne, Steven and Dickens, Sue (2013). Developing high performance coaching craft through work and study. Routledge handbook of sports coaching. (pp. 463-475) edited by Paul Potrac, Wade Gilbert and Jim Denison. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203132623
Journal Articles
O’Brien, Katherine A., Rynne, Steven B. and Mallett, Clifford J. (2022). The development of craft in Australian National Rugby League referees. Sport, Education and Society, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2021.2023491
Ellmer, E. M. M. and Rynne, S. B. (2021). Learning in high-performance action sports – insights into new and evolving contexts. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 1-13. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2021.1911978
Millington, Rob, Hayhurst, Lyndsay M.C., Giles, Audrey R. and Rynne, Steven (2020). "Back in the day, you opened your mine and on you went": Extractives industry perspectives on sport, responsibility, and development in indigenous communities in Canada. Journal of Sport Management, 34 (6), 521-532. doi: 10.1123/jsm.2019-0345
Skinner, Tina L., Kelly, Vincent G., Boytar, Alexander N., Peeters, GMEE Geeske and Rynne, Steven B. (2020). Aviation rescue firefighters physical fitness and predictors of task performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23 (12), 1228-1233. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.013
O’Brien, Katherine A. and Rynne, Steven B. (2020). Seen but not heard: missing the mark in conceptualizing high performance officiating. Sport in Society, 24 (7), 1-12. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2020.1732930
Hussain, Aman, Rossi, Tony and Rynne, Steven (2019). Learning in the ED: chaos, partners and paradoxes. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31 (6), 361-376. doi: 10.1108/JWL-11-2018-0135
Sheppard, L. K., Rynne, S. B. and Willis, J. M. (2019). Sport as a cultural offset in Aboriginal Australia?. Annals of Leisure Research, 24 (1), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2019.1635895
Tao, Yi-Che, Rynne, Steven B. and Mallett, Clifford J. (2019). Blending and becoming: migrant Chinese high-performance coaches’ learning journey in Australia. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 24 (6), 1-16. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2019.1641191
Morris, Kirstin S., Jenkins, David G., Osborne, Mark A., Rynne, Steven B., Shephard, Megan E. and Skinner, Tina L. (2019). The role of the upper and lower limbs in front crawl swimming: the thoughts and practices of expert high-performance swimming coaches. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 14 (5), 174795411986635-638. doi: 10.1177/1747954119866358
Ellmer, Eva, Rynne, Steven and Enright, Eimear (2019). Learning in action sports: A scoping review. European Physical Education Review, 26 (1), 1356336X1985153-283. doi: 10.1177/1356336X19851535
Russell, Suzanna, Jenkins, David, Rynne, Steven, Halson, Shona L. and Kelly, Vincent (2019). What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff. European Journal of Sport Science, 19 (10), 1367-1376. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1618397
Ciampolini, Vitor, Milistetd, Michel, Rynne, Steven B., Brasil, Vinicius Zeilmann and do Nascimento, Juarez Vieira (2019). Research review on coaches' perceptions regarding the teaching strategies experienced in coach education programs. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 14 (2), 216-228. doi: 10.1177/1747954119833597
Gardam, Kevin J., Giles, Audrey R., Rynne, Steven and Hayhurst, Lyndsay M. C. (2018). A comparison of Indigenous sport for development policy directives in Canada and Australia. Aboriginal Policy Studies, 7 (2), 29-46. doi: 10.5663/aps.v7i2.29334
Milistetd, Michel, Trudel, Pierre, Rynne, Steven, Mesquita, Isabel Maria Ribeiro and do Nascimento, Juarez Vieira (2018). The Learner-Centred Status of a Brazilian University Coach Education Program. International Sport Coaching Journal, 5 (2), 105-115. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2017-0075
Ellmer, Eva M. M. and Rynne, Steven B. (2018). Professionalisation of action sports in Australia. Sport in Society, 22 (10), 1-16. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2018.1440700
Beckman, Emma, Rossi, Tony, Hanrahan, Stephanie, Rynne, Steven and Dorovolomo, Jeremy (2017). The effectiveness of a cricket program for engaging people with a disability in physical activity in Fiji. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 65 (2), 1-15. doi: 10.1080/1034912X.2017.1363380
Hanrahan, Stephanie, Rynne, Steven, Beckman, Emma and Rossi, Tony (2017). Participants’ physical activity levels and evaluations of a school sport programme in Papua New Guinea. European Physical Education Review, 25 (1), 1356336X1770016-20. doi: 10.1177/1356336X17700164
Enright, Eimear, Alfrey, Laura and Rynne, Steven B. (2017). Being and becoming an academic in the neoliberal university: a necessary conversation. Sport, Education and Society, 22 (1), 1-4. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2016.1259999
Enright, Eimear, Rynne, Steven B. and Alfrey, Laura (2017). ‘Letters to an early career academic’: learning from the advice of the physical education and sport pedagogy professoriate. Sport, Education and Society, 22 (1), 22-39. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2016.1257483
Alfrey, Laura, Enright, Eimear and Rynne, Steven (2017). Letters from early career academics: the physical education and sport pedagogy field of play. Sport, Education and Society, 22 (1), 5-21. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2016.1242479
Rynne, Steven B., Enright, Eimear and Alfrey, Laura (2017). Researching up and across in physical education and sport pedagogy: methodological lessons learned from an intergenerational narrative inquiry. Sport, Education and Society, 22 (1), 140-156. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2016.1253554
Lara-Bercial, Sergio, Abraham, Andy, Colmaire, Pascal, Dieffenbach, Kristen, Mokgatle, Olivia, Rynne, Steven, Jiménez, Alfonso, Bales, John, Curado, Jose, Ito, Masamitsu and Nordmann, Lutz (2016). The international sport coaching bachelor degree standards of the international council for coaching excellence. International Sport Coaching Journal / ISCJ, 3 (3), 344-348. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2016-0085
Ellmer, Eva and Rynne, Steven (2016). Learning in action and adventure sports. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education, 7 (2), 107-119. doi: 10.1080/18377122.2016.1196111
Rynne, Steven (2016). Exploring the pedagogical possibilities of Indigenous sport-for-development programmes using a socio-personal approach. Sport, Education and Society, 21 (4), 605-622. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2015.1107830
Mallett, Clifford J., Rossi, Tony, Rynne, Steven B. and Tinning, Richard (2016). In pursuit of becoming a senior coach: The learning culture for Australian Football League coaches. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21 (1), 24-39. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2015.1072508
Mallett, Clifford J., Rynne, Steven B. and Billett, Stephen (2016). Valued learning experiences of early career and experienced high-performance coaches. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21 (1), 89-104. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2014.892062
Barker-Ruchti, Natalie, Barker, Dean, Rynne, Steven B. and Lee, Jessica (2016). Learning cultures and cultural learning in high-performance sport: opportunities for sport pedagogues. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21 (1), 1-9. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2015.1072512
Rossi, Tony, Rynne, Steven B. and Rabjohns, Martin (2016). Moving forwards with the aim of going backwards fast: high-performance rowing as a learning environment. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21 (1), 55-68. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2015.1043254
Tao, Yi-Che, Shin, Simon, Zhuang, Jia-Jia, Rynne, Steven and Mallett, Cliff (2015). 運動教練工作初探：以 UBA 男子公開組第一級籃球教練為例. 臺灣運動教育學報, 10 (2), 21-36. doi: 10.6580/JTSP.2015.10(2).02
Barker-Ruchti, N., Rynne, S. R., Lee, J. and Barker, D. M. (2015). Athlete learning in Olympic sport. Sports Coaching Review, 3 (2), 162-178. doi: 10.1080/21640629.2014.1059136
Occhino, Joseph L., Mallett, Clifford J., Rynne, Steven B. and Carlisle, Kristy N. (2014). Autonomy-supportive pedagogical approach to sports coaching: Research, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 9 (2), 401-415. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.9.2.401
Barker, Dean, Barker-Ruchti, Natalie, Rynne, Steven and Lee, Jessica (2014). Moving out of sports: A sociocultural examination of olympic career transitions. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 9 (2), 255-270. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.9.2.255
Rynne, Steven (2014). ‘Fast track’ and ‘traditional path’ coaches: affordances, agency and social capital. Sport, Education and Society, 19 (3), 299-313. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2012.670113
Rynne, Steven B. and Mallett, Clifford J. (2014). Coaches' learning and sustainability in high performance sport. Reflective Practice, 15 (1), 12-26. doi: 10.1080/14623943.2013.868798
Barker, Dean, Barker-Ruchti, Natalie, Rynne, Steven and Lee, Jessica (2014). 'Just do a little more': examining expertise in high performance sport from a sociocultural learning perspective. Reflective Practice, 15 (1), 92-105. doi: 10.1080/14623943.2013.868797
Rossi, Tony and Rynne, Steven (2014). Sport development programmes for Indigenous Australians: innovation, inclusion and development, or a product of 'white guilt'?. Sport in Society, 17 (8), 1030-1045. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2013.838355
Jennings, Cameron T., Reaburn, Peter and Rynne, Steven B. (2013). The effect of a self-modelling video intervention on motor skill acquisition and retention of a novice track cyclist's standing start performance. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 8 (3), 467-480. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.467
Rynne, Steven (2013). Culture change in a professional sports team: shaping environmental contexts and regulating power. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 8 (2), 301-304. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.8.2.301
Rynne, Steven (2013). David Clutterbuck, mentoring and coaching: a commentary. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 8 (1), 139-254. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.8.1.139
Rossi, Anthony, Rynne, Steven and Nelson, Alison (2013). Doing whitefella research in blackfella communities in Australia: decolonizing method in sports related research. Quest, 65 (1), 116-131. doi: 10.1080/00336297.2012.749799
Occhino, Joseph, Mallett, Cliff and Rynne, Steven (2013). Dynamic social networks in high performance football coaching. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18 (1), 90-102. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2011.631003
Rynne, Steven B. and Mallett, Cliff J. (2012). Understanding the work and learning of high performance coaches. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 17 (5), 507-523. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2011.621119
Barker, D., Barker-Ruchti, N., Rynne, S. B. and Lee, J. (2012). Olympism as education: Analysing the learning experiences of elite athletes. Educational Review, 64 (3), 368-383. doi: 10.1080/00131911.2012.665846
Lyons, Matthew, Rynne, Steven B. and Mallett, Clifford J. (2012). Reflection and the art of coaching: fostering high-performance in olympic ski cross. Reflective Practice, 13 (3), 359-372. doi: 10.1080/14623943.2012.670629
Barker-Ruchti, Natalie, Barker, Dean, Rynne, Steven and Lee, Jessica (2012). ‘One door closes, a next door opens up somewhere’: The learning of one Olympic synchronised swimmer. Reflective Practice, 13 (3), 373-385. doi: 10.1080/14623943.2012.670107
Rynne, Steven B. and MacLean, Kristy N. (2011). Enhancing coach-parent relationships in youth sports: increasing harmony and minimizing hassle. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 6 (1), 53-55. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.6.1.53
Mallett, Clifford J. and Rynne, Steven B. (2010). Holism in sports coaching: Beyond humanistic psychology: A commentary. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 5 (4), 453-457. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.5.4.439
Rynne, Steven B., Mallett, Cliford J. and Tinning, Richard (2010). Workplace learning of high performance sports coaches. Sport Education and Society, 15 (3), 315-330. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2010.493312
Rynne, Steven and Mallett, Clifford (2010). Understanding the change process: valuing what it is that coaches do. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 5 (2), 177-180. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.5.2.177
Mallett, Clifford, Trudel, Pierre, Lyle, John and Rynne, Steven B. (2009). Formal vs. informal coach education. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 4 (3), 325-334. doi: 10.1260/174795409789623883
Rynne, S. B., Mallett, C. J. and Tinning, R. (2009). A review of published coach education research 2007-2008. International Journal of Physical Education, XLVI (1), 9-16.
Lyle, John, Mallett, Clifford J., Trudel, Pierre and Rynne, Steven B. (2009). Formal vs. Informal Coach Education: A Response to Commentaries. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4 (3), 359-364.
Rynne, Steven B., Cushion, Chris, Cassidy, Tania and Owen-Pugh, Valerie (2008). Clarifying the concept of communities of practice in sport: A commentary. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 3 (1), 11-27. doi: 10.1260/174795408784089306
Rynne, Stephen (2008). Learning to be an elite coach. Sports Coach, 30 (1), 18-20.
Rynne, Steven, Mallett, Clifford and Tinning, Richard (2006). High performance sport coaching: Institutes of sport as sites for learning. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 1 (3), 223-234. doi: 10.1260/174795406778604582
Olsen, M., Rynne, S. and Macdonald, D. (2002). Gumala miruwarni: Meeting the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in health and physical education. The ACHPER Healthy Lifestyles Journal, 49 (1), 11-15.
Conference Papers
Hussain, Aman, Rossi, Anthony and Rynne, Steven (2018). Doing Qualitative Research in the Context of Emergency Medicine: Methodological Considerations. THOUSAND OAKS: SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC.
Mallett, Clifford J. and Rynne, Steven B. (2009). Agency and affordances in high performance coaches' learning. Petro-Canada Sport Leadership Sportif and/et ICCE Global Coach Conference Vancouver 2009, Vancouver, 9-13 November, 2009. Belconnen, ACT: International Council for Coach Education.
Rynne, Steven B. and Mallett, Clifford J. (2009). Preparation of future national coaches: National coaching scholarship program. Petro-Canada Sport Leadership Sportif and/et ICCE Global Coach Conference Vancouver 2009, Vancouver, 9-13 November, 2009. Belconnen, ACT: International Council for Coach Education.
Simjanovic, M., Hooper, S., Leveritt, M., Kellmann, M. and Rynne, S. (2009). The use and perceived effectiveness of recovery modalities and monitoring techniques in elite sport. 2008 ASICS Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Hamilton Island, Qld, Australia, 16-18 October, 2008. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.057
Rynne, S., Mallett, C. and Tinning, R. (2008). Understanding QAS coaches' learning at work through affordances and agency. North meets South; East meets West, Sapporo, Japan, 21-24 January, 2008. Brisbane, QLD: The University of Queensland.
Rynne, Steven (2008). Coaches work and how they learn. 2nd Annual Evolution of the Athlete: Coach Education Conference, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia, 26 -28 October 2008.
Rynne, Steven (2008). The learning and mentoring of high performance coaches in Australian sport. The Global Conference for the 10th Anniversary of the Korea Coaching Development Center, Hoseo University, Seoul, Korea, 7-9 November, 2008. Seoul, Korea: Korea Coaching Development Center.
Rynne, S. (2007). Research and coach development: Using action research. Evolution of the Athlete: Coach Education and Athlete Development Conference, Brisbane, University of Queensland, 3-6 June, 2007.
Mallett, C. and Rynne, S. (2007). Formal versus informal coach education: an Australian perspective. ICCE International Master Class, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China, August, 2007.
Rynne, S. (2007). Opportunities and engagement: Coach learning at the Queensland Academy of Sport. 2007 ICCE Global Coach Conference, Beijing, China, 30 August - 3 September, 2007. Belconnen, ACT, Australia: The International Council for Coach Education.
Kellmann, M. and Rynne, S. (2007). Coaches Training and Education in Australia. 1st International Workshop for Coaching Excellence: Pathways to Coaching Excellence, Trainerakademie Köln, Koln, Germany, 11-12 December 2007. Koln, Germany: Trainerakademie Köln des DOSB.
Rynne, S., Mallett, C. J. and Tinning, R. I. (2006). High performance sport coaching: Workplaces as sites for learning. 13th Commonwealth International Sport Conference CISC2006, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, 9-12 March, 2006. Jolimont, Vic, Australia: Sports Medicine Australia.
Cassidy, T., Rynne, S., Mallett, C. J., Tinning, R. I., Rossi, A. J., Allen, J., Hodge, K., Stanley, S., Bartlett, R. and Cote, J. (2006). The sport coach as learner. 13th Commonwealth International Sport Conference CISC2006, Melbourne, Vic, Australia, 9-12 March, 2006. Jolimont, Vic, Australia: Sports Medicine Australia.
Rynne, Steven, Mallett, Cliff and Tinning, Richard (2005). Learning in the workplace: high performance sport coaching. 4th International Conference on Researching Work and Learning, UTS, Sydney, 11-14 December 2005. Broadway, N.S.W. Australia: OVAL Research.
Rynne, S. (2005). Current research in coach education delivery: An Australian perspective. 2005 International Council for Coach Education (ICCE) Global Coach Conference, Limerick, Ireland, 1-4 September, 2005. Ottawa, Canada: ICCE.
Mallett, C. J. and Rynne, S. (2005). How well does coach education research inform practice and practice inform research? Postgraduate programs in sports coaching. 2005 International Council for Coach Education (ICCE) Global Coach Conference, Limerick, Ireland, 1-4 September, 2005. Ottawa, Canada: ICCE.
Hooper, S., Dudfield, O., Phillips, M. and Rynne, S. (2004). A multi-disciplinary approach for protecting the health and welfare of young elite athletes. 2004 Pre-Olympic Congress: Sport Science through the Ages, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, 6-11 August, 2004. Thessaloniki, Greece: International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE).
Thesis
Rynne, Steven (2008). Opportunities and Engagement: Coach learning at the Queensland Academy of Sport. PhD Thesis, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland.
Research Reports
Sanders, Matthew R., Mallett, Cliff J., Kirby, James, Rynne, Steven and Marshall, David (2019). Parents as partners in Junior Rugby League: report to NRL research board. St Lucia, QLD, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Rynne, S. B., Beckman, E., Rossi, A. and Hanrahan, S. (2014). Examination of intervention effectiveness: Pacific Sport Partnership. Research report submitted to the International Cricket Council East Asia Pacific.. International Cricket Council East Asia Pacific.
Rossi, T. and Rynne, S. B. (2013). The sport demonstration project: an evaluation. Canberra, ACT, Australia:
Rynne, S. B., Skinner, T., Hay, P., Kelly, V. and McCuaig, L. (2013). Review of existing physical recruitment protocols: report on findings. Submitted to Air Services Australia. Brisbane, Australia:
Rynne, Steven, Skinner, Tina, Hay, Peter, Kelly, Vincent and McCuaig, Louise (2012). Airservices Australia: review of existing physical recruitment protocols. Not available: Not available.
Mallett, C. J., Macdonald, D., Rynne, S. B. and Phillips, M. (2012). Junior sport framework review. Briefing paper submitted to the Australian Sports Commission.. Canberra, ACT, Australia:
Rynne, S. B., Mallett, C. J. and Tinning, R. (2008). Learning in the workplace: high performance sports coaching. Research report for the Queensland Academy of Sport. Not available: Not available.