Honorary Professor Richard Carson
Honorary Professor
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences
Book Chapters
Hine, Damian and Carson, David (2007). Introduction. Innovative methodologies in enterprise research. (pp. 1-6) edited by Damian Hine and David Carson. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shemmell, J. B., Tresilian, J. R., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2004). Musculoskeletal constraints on the acquisition of motor skills. Skill Acquisition in Sport: Research, Theory and Practice. (pp. 390-408) edited by A.M. Williams and N.J. Hodges. London: Routledge.
Byblow, W. D., Lewis, G. N., Stinear, J. W. and Carson, R. G. (2004). The modulation of excitability in corticospinal pathways during rhythmic movement. Neuro-behavioral Determinants of Interlimb Coordination: A Multidisciplinary Approach. (pp. 155-185) edited by S. P. Swinnen and J. Duysens. Norwell, MA: Kluwer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9056-3_7
Carson, R. G. (2004). Governing coordination: Why do muscles matter?. Coordination Dynamics: Issues and Trends. (pp. 141-154) edited by V.K. Jirsa and J.A.S. Kelso. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-39676-5_8
Carson, Richard G. and Riek, Stephan (1998). Moving beyond phenomenology: neuromuscular-skeletal constraints upon coordination dynamics. Motor behavior and human skill: a multidisciplinary approach. (pp. 209-230) edited by Jan P. Piek. Champaign, IL, United States: Human Kinetics.
Carson, R. G., Byblow, W. D. and Abernethy, B. (1995). Inherent and incidental constraints upon intentional switching between patterns of bimanual coordination. Studies in Perception and Action III. (pp. 41-44) edited by Bardy, B.G., Bootsma, R.J. and Guiard, Y.. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Journal Articles
Carson, Richard G. and Hayward, Kathryn S. (2025). Using mechanistic knowledge to appraise contemporary approaches to the rehabilitation of upper limb function following stroke. Journal of Physiology, 603 (3), 635-650. doi: 10.1113/JP285559
Dick, Taylor J. M., Tucker, Kylie, Hug, François, Besomi, Manuela, van Dieën, Jaap H., Enoka, Roger M., Besier, Thor, Carson, Richard G., Clancy, Edward A., Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine, Falla, Deborah, Farina, Dario, Gandevia, Simon, Holobar, Aleš, Kiernan, Matthew C., Lowery, Madeleine, McGill, Kevin, Merletti, Roberto, Perreault, Eric, Rothwell, John C., Søgaard, Karen, Wrigley, Tim and Hodges, Paul W. (2024). Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: application of EMG to estimate muscle force. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 79 102910, 102910. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2024.102910
Williams, Sean, Carson, Richard and Tóth, Katalin (2023). Moving beyond P values in The Journal of Physiology: A primer on the value of effect sizes and confidence intervals. Journal of Physiology, 601 (23), 5131-5133. doi: 10.1113/JP285575
Martinez-Valdes, Eduardo, Enoka, Roger M., Holobar, Aleš, McGill, Kevin, Farina, Dario, Besomi, Manuela, Hug, François, Falla, Deborah, Carson, Richard G., Clancy, Edward A., Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine, van Dieën, Jaap H., Tucker, Kylie, Gandevia, Simon, Lowery, Madeleine, Søgaard, Karen, Besier, Thor, Merletti, Roberto, Kiernan, Matthew C., Rothwell, John C., Perreault, Eric and Hodges, Paul W. (2022). Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: Single motor unit matrix. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 68 102726, 102726. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102726
Gallina, Alessio, Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine, Farina, Dario, Merletti, Roberto, Besomi, Manuela, Holobar, Aleš, Enoka, Roger M., Hug, François, Falla, Deborah, Søgaard, Karen, McGill, Kevin, Clancy, Edward A., Carson, Richard G., van Dieën, Jaap H., Gandevia, Simon, Lowery, Madeleine, Besier, Thor, Kiernan, Matthew C., Rothwell, John C., Tucker, Kylie and Hodges, Paul W. (2022). Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: High-density surface electromyography matrix. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 64 102656, 102656. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102656
Carson, Richard G. (2022). The multifinger force deficit: a protocol to detect incipient cognitive decline. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70 (5), 1605-1608. doi: 10.1111/jgs.17734
Calvert, Glenn H. M. and Carson, Richard G. (2022). Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: with additional considerations for the ageing brain. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 260-288. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.025
Clark, Brian C. and Carson, Richard G. (2021). Sarcopenia and Neuroscience: Learning to Communicate. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 76 (10), 1882-1890. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glab098
McManus, Lara, Lowery, Madeleine, Merletti, Roberto, Søgaard, Karen, Besomi, Manuela, Clancy, Edward A., van Dieën, Jaap H., Hug, François, Wrigley, Tim, Besier, Thor, Carson, Richard G., Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine, Enoka, Roger M., Falla, Deborah, Farina, Dario, Gandevia, Simon, Holobar, Aleš, Kiernan, Matthew C., McGill, Kevin, Perreault, Eric, Rothwell, John C, Tucker, Kylie and Hodges, Paul W. (2021). Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: terminology matrix. Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology, 59 102565, 102565. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102565
Carson, Richard G. and Buick, Alison R. (2021). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation-promoted plasticity of the human brain. Journal of Physiology, 599 (9) JP278298, 2375-2399. doi: 10.1113/JP278298
Besomi, Manuela, Hodges, Paul W., Clancy, Edward A., Van Dieën, Jaap, Hug, François, Lowery, Madeleine, Merletti, Roberto, Søgaard, Karen, Wrigley, Tim, Besier, Thor, Carson, Richard G., Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine, Enoka, Roger M., Falla, Deborah, Farina, Dario, Gandevia, Simon, Holobar, Aleš, Kiernan, Matthew C., McGill, Kevin, Perreault, Eric, Rothwell, John C. and Tucker, Kylie (2020). Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: amplitude normalization matrix. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 53 102438, 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102438
Carson, Richard G. (2020). Inter-hemispheric inhibition sculpts the output of neural circuits by co-opting the two cerebral hemispheres. Journal of Physiology, 598 (21) JP279793, 4781-4802. doi: 10.1113/JP279793
Besomi, Manuela, Hodges, Paul W., Van Dieën, Jaap, Carson, Richard G., Clancy, Edward A., Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine, Holobar, Aleš, Hug, François, Kiernan, Matthew C., Lowery, Madeleine, McGill, Kevin, Merletti, Roberto, Perreault, Eric, Søgaard, Karen, Tucker, Kylie, Besier, Thor, Enoka, Roger, Falla, Deborah, Farina, Dario, Gandevia, Simon, Rothwell, John C., Vicenzino, Bill and Wrigley, Tim (2019). Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: electrode selection matrix. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 48, 128-144. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.07.008
Bolton, D. A.E., Buick, A. R., Carroll, T. J. and Carson, R. G. (2019). Interlimb transfer and generalisation of learning in the context of persistent failure to accomplish a visuomotor task. Experimental Brain Research, 237 (4), 1077-1092. doi: 10.1007/s00221-019-05484-4
Carson, Richard G. (2018). Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health. Neurobiology of Aging, 71, 189-222. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023
Chye, Lilian, Riek, Stephan, de Rugy, Aymar, Carson, Richard G and Carroll, Timothy J (2018). Unilateral movement preparation causes task-specific modulation of TMS responses in the passive, opposite limb. The Journal of physiology, 596 (16), 3725-3738. doi: 10.1113/JP275433
Barker, Ruth N., Hayward, Kathryn S., Carson, Richard G., Lloyd, David and Brauer, Sandra G. (2017). SMART Arm Training With Outcome-Triggered Electrical Stimulation in Subacute Stroke Survivors With Severe Arm Disability: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 31 (12), 1005-1016. doi: 10.1177/1545968317744276
Ruddy, Kathy L., Rudolf, Anne K., Kalkman, Barbara, King, Maedbh, Daffertshofer, Andreas, Carroll, Timothy J. and Carson, Richard G. (2016). Neural adaptations associated with interlimb transfer in a ballistic wrist flexion task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10 (204) 204, 1-18. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00204
Brauer, Sandra G., Hayward, Kathryn S., Carson, Richard G., Cresswell, Andrew G. and Barker, Ruth N. (2013). The efficacy of SMART Arm training early after stroke for stroke survivors with severe upper limb disability: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurology, 13 (71) 71, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-71
Hayward, Kathryn S., Barker, Ruth N., Brauer, Sandra G., Lloyd, David, Horsley, Sally A. and Carson, Richard G. (2013). SMART arm with outcome-triggered electrical stimulation: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 20 (4), 289-298. doi: 10.1310/tsr2004-289
Ruddy, Kathy L. and Carson, Richard G. (2013). Neural pathways mediating cross education of motor function. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7 (JUL), 397.1-397.22. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00397
Riek, Stephan, Hinder, Mark R. and Carson, Richard G. (2012). Primary motor cortex involvement in initial learning during visuomotor adaptation. Neuropsychologia, 50 (10), 2515-2523. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.06.024
Barker, Ruth N., Brauer, Sandra G., Barry, Benjamin K., Gill, Toby J. and Carson, Richard G. (2012). Training-induced modifications of corticospinal reactivity in severely affected stroke survivors. Experimental Brain Research, 221 (2), 211-221. doi: 10.1007/s00221-012-3163-z
Carson, Richard G. and Ruddy, Kathy L. (2012). Vision modulates corticospinal suppression in a functionally specific manner during movement of the opposite limb. Journal of Neuroscience, 32 (2), 646-652. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4435-11.2012
Woolley, DG, de Rugy, A, Carson, RG and Riek, S (2011). Visual target separation determines the extent of generalisation between opposing visuomotor rotations. Experimental Brain Research, 212 (2), 213-224. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2720-1
Carson, R. G., Popple, A. E., Verschueren, S. M. P. and Riek, S. (2010). Superimposed vibration confers no additional benefit compared with resistance training alone. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20 (6), 827-833. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00999.x
Oytam, Yalchin, Lloyd, David, Reid, Campbell S., de Rugy, Aymar and Carson, Richard G. (2010). A robotic apparatus that dictates torque fields around joints without affecting inherent joint dynamics. Human Movement Science, 29 (5), 701-712. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.06.004
Hinder, Mark R., Riek, Stephan, Tresilian, James R., de Rugy, Aymar and Carson, Richard G. (2009). Real-time error detection but not error correction drives automatic visuomotor adaptation. Experimental Brain Research, 201 (2), 191-207. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-2025-9
Barker, R. N., Brauer, S. and Carson, R. (2009). Training-induced changes in the pattern of triceps to biceps activation during reaching tasks after chronic and severe stroke. Experimental Brain Research, 196 (4), 483-496. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1872-8
Carson, Richard G., Oytam, Yalchin and Riek, Stephan (2009). Artificial gravity reveals that economy of action determines the stability of sensorimotor coordination. PLoS One, 4 (4) e5248, e5248-1-e5248-6. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005248
Barry, Benjamin K., Pascoe, Michael A., Riek, Stephan, Carson, Richard G. and Enoka, Roger M. (2009). Common input to different regions of biceps brachii long head. Experimental Brain Research, 193 (3), 351-359. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1631-2
de Rugy, Aymar, Hinder, Mark R., Wooley, Daniel G. and Carson, Richard G. (2009). The synergistic organization of muscle recruitment constrains visuomotor adaptation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 101 (5), 2263-2269. doi: 10.1152/jn.90898.2008
Kennedy, Niamh C. and Carson, Richard G. (2008). The effect of simultaneous contractions of ipsilateral muscles on changes in corticospinal excitability induced by paired associative stimulation (PAS). Neuroscience Letters, 445 (1), 7-11. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.064
Hinder, Mark R., Woolley, Daniel G., Tresilian, James R., Riek, Stephan and Carson, Richard G. (2008). The efficacy of colour cues in facilitating adaptation to opposing visuomotor rotations. Experimental Brain Research, 191 (2), 143-155. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1513-7
Carson, Richard G., Kennedy, Niamh C., Linden, Mark A. and Britton, Lisa (2008). Muscle-specific variations in use-dependent crossed-facilitation of corticospinal pathways mediated by transcranial direct current (DC) stimulation. Neuroscience Letters, 441 (2), 153-157. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.041
de Rugy, Aymar, Riek, Stephan, Oytam, Yalchin, Carroll, Timothy J., Davoodi, Rahman and Carson, Richard G. (2008). Neuromuscular and biomechanical factors codetermine the solution to motor redundancy in rhythmic multijoint arm movement. Experimental Brain Research, 189 (4), 421-434. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1437-2
Woolley, D.G., Carson, R.G., Tresilian, J.R. and Riek, S. (2008). Generalisation between opposing visuomotor rotations when each is associated with visual targets and movements of different amplitude. Brain Research, 1219 (2), 46-58. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.069
Barker, R. N., Brauer, S. G. and Carson, R. G. (2008). Training of reaching in stroke survivors with severe and chronic upper limb paresis using a novel non-robotic device: a randomized clinical trial. Stroke, 39 (6), 1800-1807. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.498485
Hinder, Mark R., Tresilian, James R., Riek, Stephan and Carson, Richard G. (2008). The contribution of visual feedback to visuomotor adaptation: How much and when?. Brain Research, 1197, 123-134. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.067
Woolley, D. G., Tresilian, J. R., Carson, R. G. and Riek, S. (2007). Dual adaptation to two opposing visuomotor rotations when each is associated with different regions of workspace. Experimental Brain Research, 179 (2), 155-165. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0778-y
Hinder, M. R., Walk, L., Woolley, D. G., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2007). The interference effects of non-rotated versus counter-rotated trials in visuomotor adaptation. Experimental Brain Research, 180 (4), 629-640. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-0888-1
Carson, Richard G., Smethurst, Christopher J., Oytam, Yalchin and de Rugy, Aymar (2007). Postural context alters the stability of bimanual coordination by modulating the crossed excitability of corticospinal pathways. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97 (3), 2016-2023. doi: 10.1152/jn.00868.2006
Shemmell, J., Riek, S., Tresilian, J. R. and Carson, R. G. (2007). The role of the primary motor cortex during skill acquisition on a two-degrees-of-freedom movement task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39 (1), 29-39. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.39.1.29-39
de Rugy, Aymar, Riek, Stephan and Carson, Richard G. (2006). Influence of predominant patterns of coordination on the exploitation of interaction torques in a two-joint rhythmic arm movement. Experimental Brain Research, 175 (3), 439-452. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0562-z
Carson, R G (2006). Changes in muscle coordination with training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101 (5), 1506-1513. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2006
de Rugy, Aymar, Riek, Stephan and Carson, Richard G. (2006). Neuromuscular-skeletal origins of predominant patterns of coordination in a rhythmic two-joint arm movement. Journal of Motor Behavior, 38 (1), 7-14. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.38.1.7-14
Shemmell, J, Forner, M, Tathem, B, Tresilian, JR, Riek, S, Barry, BK and Carson, RG (2006). Neuromuscular-skeletal constraints on the acquisition of skill in a discrete torque production task. Experimental Brain Research, 175 (3), 400-410. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0547-y
Tresilian, J. R., Mon-Williams, M., Coppard, V. L. and Carson, R. G. (2005). Developmental changes in the response to obstacles during prehension. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37 (2), 103-110.
Carson, R. G., Riek, S. and Byblow, W. D. (2005). Bilateral interactions between the upper limbs. Physiology News, 58 (Spring 2005), 37-38. doi: 10.36866/pn.58.37
Carson, RG (2005). Neural pathways mediating bilateral interactions between the upper limbs. Brain Research Reviews, 49 (3), 641-662. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.005
Mon-williams, M., Tresilian, J. R., Bell, V. E., Coppard, V. L., Nixdorf, M. and Carson, R. G. (2005). The preparation of reach-to-grasp movements in adults, children, and children with movement problems. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 58 (7), 1249-1263. doi: 10.1080/02724980443000575
Barry, Benjamin K., Riek, Stephan and Carson, Richard G. (2005). Muscle coordination during rapid force production by young and older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-biological Sciences And Medical Sciences, 60 (2), 232-240. doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.2.232
Shemmell, J, Tresilian, JR, Riek, S, Barry, BK and Carson, RG (2005). Neuromuscular adaptation during skill acquisition on a two degree-of-freedom target-acquisition task: Dynamic movement. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94 (5), 3058-3068. doi: 10.1152/jn.00671.2004
Shemmell, J, Forner, M, Tresilian, JR, Riek, S, Barry, BK and Carson, RG (2005). Neuromuscular adaptation during skill acquisition on a two degree-of-freedom target-acquisition task: Isometric torque production. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94 (5), 3046-3057. doi: 10.1152/jn.00670.2004
Barry, B. K., Warman, G. G. and Carson, R. G. (2005). Age-related differences in rapid muscle activation after rate of force development training of the elbow flexors. Experimental Brain Research, 162 (1), 122-132. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2127-3
Carson, RG, Welsh, TN and Pamblanco-Valero, MA (2005). Visual feedback alters the variations in corticospinal excitability that arise from rhythmic movements of the opposite limb. Experimental Brain Research, 161 (3), 325-334. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2076-x
Byblow, W. and Carson, Richard (2004). Sensorimotor Coordination: Behavioural Modes and Neural Mechanisms. Human movement science, 23 (3-4), 235-238. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2004.08.005
Ridderikhoff, A, Peper, CLE, Carson, RG and Beek, PJ (2004). Effector dynamics of rhythmic wrist activity and its implications for (modeling) bimanual coordination. Human Movement Science, 23 (3-4), 285-313. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2004.08.008
Carson, R. G. (2004). A simple and unified approach to human voluntary movements. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36 (4), 378-380. doi: 10.1080/00222895.2004.11007997
Li, Y, Levin, O, Carson, RG and Swinnen, SP (2004). Bimanual coordination: constraints imposed by the relative timing of homologous muscle activation. Experimental Brain Research, 156 (1), 27-38. doi: 10.1007/s00221-003-1762-4
Shahbazpour, N., Carroll, T. J., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2004). Early alterations in serum creatine kinase and total cholesterol following high intensity eccentric muscle actions. Journal of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness, 44 (2), 193-199.
Carson, R. G., Riek, S., Mackey, D. P., Meichenbaum, D., Willms, K. K., Forner, M. and Byblow, W. D. (2004). Excitability changes in human forearm corticospinal projections and spinal reflex pathways during rhythmic voluntary movement of the opposite limb. Journal of Physiology, 560 (3), 929-940. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.069088
Barry, B. K. and Carson, R. G. (2004). The consequences of resistance training for movement control in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59 (7), M730-M754. doi: 10.1093/gerona/59.7.M730
Barry, BK and Carson, R. G. (2004). Transfer of resistance training to enhance rapid coordinated force production by older adults. Experimental Brain Research, 159 (2), 225-238. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-1950-x
Carson, Richard G. and Kelso, J. A. Scott (2004). Governing coordination: Behavioural principles and neural correlates. Experimental Brain Research, 154 (3), 267-274. doi: 10.1007/s00221-003-1726-8
Temprado, J.J., Swinnen, S.P., Carson, R.G., Tourment, A. and Laurent, M. (2003). Interaction of directional, neuromuscular and egocentric constraints on the stability of preferred bimanual coordination patterns. Human Movement Science, 22 (3), 339-363. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9457(03)00049-6
Smethurst, C. J. and Carson, R. G. (2003). The effect of volition on the stability of bimanual coordination. Journal of Motor Behavior, 35 (3), 309-319. doi: 10.1080/00222890309602143
Riek, Stephan, Tresilian, James R., Mon-Williams, M., Coppard, Vanessa L. and Carson, Richard G. (2003). Bimanual aiming and overt attention: one law for two hands. Experimental Brain Research, 153 (1), 59-75. doi: 10.1007/s00221-003-1581-7
Carroll, Timothy J., Riek, Stephan and Carson, Richard G. (2002). The sites of neural adaptation induced by resistance training in humans. Journal of Physiology, 544 (2), 641-652. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024463
Swinnen, S. P. and Carson, R. G. (2002). The control and learning of patterns of interlimb coordination: Past and present issues in normal and disordered control. Acta Psychologica, 110 (2-3), 129-137. doi: 10.1016/S0001-6918(02)00030-6
Carson, R. G., Riek, S., Smethurst, C., Lison-Parraga, J. F. and Byblow, W. D. (2002). Neuromuscular-skeletal constraints in the coordination of prono-supination. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte, XIX (88), 101-108.
Mackey, D. C., Meichenbaum, D. P., Shemmell, J., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2002). Neural compensation for compliant loads during rhythmic movement. Experimental Brain Research, 142 (3), 409-417. doi: 10.1007/s00221-001-0946-z
Carson, RG, Smethurst, CJ, Forner, M, Meichenbaum, DP and Mackey, DC (2002). Role of peripheral afference during acquisition of a complex coordination task. Experimental Brain Research, 144 (4), 496-505. doi: 10.1007/s00221-002-1063-3
Carson, RG and Swinnen, SP (2002). Coordination and movement pathology: models of structure and function. Acta Psychologica, 110 (2-3), 357-364. doi: 10.1016/S0001-6918(02)00042-2
Carson, Richard G., Riek, Stephan and Shahbazpour, Nosratollah (2002). Central and peripheral mediation of human force sensation following eccentric or concentric contractions. Journal of Physiology, 539 (3), 913-925. doi: 10.1013/jphysiol.2001.013385
Smethurst, Christopher J. and Carson, Richard G. (2001). The acquisition of movement skills: Practice enhances the dynamic stability of bimanual coordination. Human Movement Science, 20 (4-5), 499-529. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00065-3
Kelso, J. A. Scott, Fink, Philip W., DeLaplain, Corey R. and Carson, Richard G. (2001). Haptic information stabilizes and destabilizes coordination dynamics. Royal Society of London. Proceedings. Biological Sciences, 268 (1472), 1207-1213. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1620
Carroll, T. J., Barry, B., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2001). Resistance training enhances the stability of sensorimotor coordination. Proceedings of The Royal Society of London Series B-biological Sciences, 268 (1464), 221-227. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1356
Mieschke, Paul E., Elliott, Digby, Helsen, Werner F., Carson, Richard G. and Coull, Jamie A. (2001). Manual asymmetries in the preparation and control of goal-directed movements. Brain And Cognition, 45 (1), 129-140. doi: 10.1006/brcg.2000.1262
Mon-Williams, M., Tresilian, J. R., Coppard, V. L. and Carson, R. G. (2001). The effect of obstacle position on reach-to-grasp movements. Experimental Brain Research, 137 (3-4), 497-501. doi: 10.1007/s002210100684
Carroll, T., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2001). Corticospinal responses to resistance training revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 29, 54-59.
Carroll, TJ, Riek, S and Carson, RG (2001). Neural adaptations to resistance training - Implications for movement control. Sports Medicine, 31 (12), 829-840. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200131120-00001
Carson, RG and Riek, S (2001). Changes in muscle recruitment patterns during skill acquisition. Experimental Brain Research, 138 (1), 71-87. doi: 10.1007/s002210100676
Riek, S and Carson, RG (2001). Let your feet do the walking: constraints on the stability of bipedal coordination. Experimental Brain Research, 136 (3), 407-412. doi: 10.1007/s002210000560
Lewis, G. N., Byblow, W. D. and Carson, R. G. (2001). Phasic modulation of corticomotor excitability during passive movement of the upper limb: effects of movement frequency and muscle specificity. Brain Research, 900 (2), 282-294. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02369-1
Carroll, TJ, Riek, S and Carson, RG (2001). Reliability of the input-output properties of the cortico-spinal pathway obtained from transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 112 (2), 193-202. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00468-X
Mon-Williams, M., Tresilian, J. R., Bell, V. E., Coppard, V. L., Jobling, A. and Carson, R. G. (2001). The preparation of reach to grasp movements in adults with Down syndrome. Human Movement Science, 20 (4-5), 587-602. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00069-0
Burgess-Limerick, Robin, Shemmell, Robin, Barry, Ben, Carson, Richard and Abernethy, Bruce (2001). Spontaneous transitions in the coordination of a whole body task. Human Movement Science, 20 (4-5), 549-562. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00067-7
Carroll, Timothy J., Riek, Stephan and Carson, Richard G. (2001). Corticospinal responses to motor training revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 29 (2), 54-59. doi: 10.1097/00003677-200104000-00003
Miller, SM, Liu, GB, Ngo, TT, Hooper, G, Riek, S, Carson, RG and Pettigrew, JD (2000). Interhemispheric switching mediates perceptual rivalry. Current Biology, 10 (7), 383-392. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00416-4
Carson, R. G., Riek, S., Smethurst, C. J., Parraga, J. F. L. and Byblow, W. D. (2000). Neuromuscular-skeletal constraints upon the dynamics of unimanual and bimanual coordination. Experimental Brain Research, 131 (2), 196-214. doi: 10.1007/s002219900272
Carson, R. G. and Riek, S (2000). Musculo-skeletal constraints on corticospinal input to upper limb motoneurones during coordinated movements. Human Movement Science, 19 (4), 451-474. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9457(00)00031-2
Riek, S, Carson, RG and Wright, A (2000). A new technique for the selective recording of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis EMG. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 10 (4), 249-253. doi: 10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00017-1
Elliott, D. and Carson, R. G. (2000). Moving into the new millenium: Some perspectives on the brain in action. Brain and Cognition, 42 (1), 153-156. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1999.1188
Peper, C. E. and Carson, R. G. (1999). Bimanual coordination between isometric contractions and rhythmic movement: An asymmetric coupling. Experimental Brain Research, 129 (3), 417-432. doi: 10.1007/s002210050909
Carson, R. G., Chua, R., Byblow, W. D., Poon, P. and Smethurst, C. (1999). Changes in posture alter the attentional demands of voluntary movement. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 266 (1421), 853-857. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1999.0715
Byblow, Winston D., Summers, Jeffery J., Semjen, Andras, Wuyts, Irina J. and Carson, Richard G. (1999). Spontaneous and intentional pattern switching in a multisegmental bimanual coordination task. Motor Control, 3 (4), 372-393.
Carson, RG, Riek, S and Bawa, P (1999). Electromyographic activity, H-reflex modulation and corticospinal input to forearm motoneurones during active and passive rhythmic movements. Human Movement Science, 18 (2-3), 307-343. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9457(99)00013-5
Carson, R. G., Riek, S,, Byblow, W. D., Abernethy, B. and Summers, J. J. (1999). The timing of intralimb coordination. Journal of Motor Behaviour, 31 (2), 113-118. doi: 10.1080/00222899909600982
Smethurst, CJ, Carson, RG and Hanrahan, SJ (1998). The effects of two different instructional sets on bimanual coordination. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, S56-S56.
Carson, RG and Riek, S (1998). The influence of joint position on the dynamics of perception-action coupling. Experimental Brain Research, 121 (1), 103-114. doi: 10.1007/s002210050442
Walters, Megan R. and Carson, Richard G. (1997). A Method for Calculating the Circularity of Movement Trajectories. Journal of Motor Behavior, 29 (1), 72-84. doi: 10.1080/00222899709603471
Carson, Richard G., Thomas, Julie, Summers, Jeffery J., Walters, Megan R. and Semjen, Andras (1997). The Dynamics of Bimanual Circle Drawing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology, 50 (3), 664-683. doi: 10.1080/713755721
B.Steenbergen B.SteenbergenB.Steenbergen B.SteenbergenB.https://api.elsevier.com/content/author/author_id/6701413521 and B.Steenbergen B.SteenbergenB.Steenbergen B.SteenbergenB.https://api.elsevier.com/content/author/author_id/6701413521 (1997). Spoon Handling in Two- to Four-Year-Old Children. Ecological Psychology, 9 (2), 113-129. doi: 10.1207/s15326969eco0902_1
Carson, Richard G., Byblow, Winston D., Abernethy, Bruce and Summers, Jeffery J. (1996). The contribution of inherent and incidental constraints to intentional switching between patterns of bimanual coordination. Human Movement Science, 15 (4), 565-589. doi: 10.1016/0167-9457(96)00028-0
Carson R.G. (1996). Neuromuscular-skeletal constraints upon the dynamics of perception-action coupling. Experimental Brain Research, 110 (1), 99-110. doi: 10.1007/BF00241379
Elliott, Digby, Lyons, James, Chua, Romeo, Goodman, David and Carson, Richard G. (1995). The Influence of Target Perturbation on Manual Aiming Asymmetries in Right-Handers. Cortex, 31 (4), 685-697. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80020-2
Summers, J. J., Semjen, A., Carson, R. G. and Thomas, J. (1995). Going around in circles: The dynamics of bimanual circling. Advances in Psychology, 111 (C), 231-253. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4115(06)80012-9
Conference Papers
Woolley, D. G., Carson, R. G., De Rugy, A. and Riek, S. (2008). Dominance of visual workspace over motor workspace in determining the extent of generalisation between opposing visuomotor rotations. Neuroscience 2008, Washington, DC, U.S.A., 15-19 November, 2008. Society for Neuroscience.
Woolley, D. G., Carson, R. G., de Rugy, A. and Riek, S. (2008). Dominance of visual workspace over motor workspace in determining the extent of generalization between opposing visuomotor rotations. Society for Neuroscience: Neuroscience 2008, Washington, DC, U.S.A., 15-19 November, 2008. Society of Neuroscience.
Riek, S., Popple, A., Verscheuren, S. and Carson, R. (2008). Superimposed vibration confers no additional benefit compared to resistance training alone. 2008 Asics Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Hamilton Island, QLD, Australia, 16-18 October 2008. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Australia. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.181
De Rugy, A., Riek, S., Oytam, Y., Carroll, T. J. and Carson, R. G. (2007). Do preferred patterns of coordination in rhythmic multijpoint arm movement result from optimal use of bifunctional muscles. Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 3-7 November, 2007. Washington, D.S.: Society for Neuroscience (SfN).
Carson, R. G., Kennedy, N. C., Linden, M. A. and Britton, L. (2007). Variations in the crossed-facilitation of corticospinal pathways induced by transcranial direct current (DC) stimulation. Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 3-7 November, 2007. Online: Society for Neuroscience.
de Rugy, A., Riek, S., Oytam, Y., Carroll, T. J. and Carson, R. G. (2007). Do preferred patterns of coordination in rhythmic multijoint arm movement result from optimal use of bifunctional muscles. Neuroscience meeting planner, San Diego Convention Centre, 7th November 2007.
Riek, S., Hinder, M. R. and Carson, R. G. (2007). Continuous theta burst stimulation of motor cortex and its effect on visuomotor adaptation. Neuroscience 2007: 37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 3-7 November, 2007. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: Society for Neuroscience.
Riek, S., Hinder, M. and Carson, R. (2007). The effect of corticospinal excitability on visuo-motor adaptation. "Motor Control at the Top End" 2007 IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience Satellite Meeting, Darwin, NT, Australia, 18-21 July, 2007. Eastwood, South Australia: SAPMEA Conventions.
Hinder, M., Tresilian, J., Riek, S. and Carson, R. (2007). Visual and proprioceptive feedback in visuomotor adaptation. "Motor Control at the Top End" 2007 IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience Satellite Meeting, Darwin, NT, Australia, 18-21 July, 2007. Eastwood, South Australia: SAPMEA Conventions.
Reid, C., Riek, S. and Carson, R. (2007). Cortical excitability is task dependent. "Motor Control at the Top End" 2007 IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience Satellite Meeting, Darwin, Australia, 18-21 July, 2007. Eastwood, SA: SAPMEA Conventions.
Whelan, B., Murdoch, B. E., Lloyd, D., Copland, D., Riek, S., Carson, R. G., Darnell, R. E. and Barwood, C. (2007). Unravelling the effects of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (STMS) on word retrieval: Back to square one?. The 45th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Aphasia, Washington, DC USA, 21-23 October 2007. Maryland Heights, MO, United States: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2007.07.015
Woolley, Daniel, Tresilian, James R., Carson, Richard G. and Riek, Stephan (2006). Interference between two opposing visuomotor rotations varies depending on the level of separation in motor workspace. ECVP 2006: 29th European Conference on Visual perception, St. Petersberg, Russia, 20-25 August 2006. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
Carson, R. G., Oytam, Y. and Riek, S. (2006). Artificial gravity reveals activity-dependent coupling in sensorimotor coordination. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 32, Georgia World Congress Center: Halls B3-B5, 14-18 October 2006. Washington, D.S.: Society for Neuroscience (SfN).
Brauer, S. G., Barker, R. N. and Carson, R. G. (2006). Training improves upper limb motor function in chronic stroke survivors with severe paresis. Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 14-18 October, 2006. Online: Society for Neuroscience.
Brauer, S. G., Barker, R. N. and Carson, R. G. (2006). Training-induced brain plasticity in stroke survivors with severe and chronic upper limb paresis as revealed with TMS. Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 14-18 October, 2006. Online: Neuroscience Society.
Carson, R.G., Smethurst, C.J., Oytam, Y. and De Rugy, A. (2005). Mechanical context alters the variations in corticospinal excitability which arise from rhythmic movements of the opposite limb. Society for Neuroscience Conference, xx, November, 2005. Washington, D.S.: Society for Neuroscience (SfN).
Hinder, M. R., Woolley, D. G., Tresilian, J. R., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2005). Simultaneous adaptation to two visuomotor rotations in an isometric torque production task. Australian Neuroscience Society 25th Annual Meeting, Perth, Western Australia, 30 January - 2 February, 2005. Kent Town, South Australia: Australian Neuroscience Society.
Mechsner, F., Schack, T. and Carson, R. G. (2005). A psychological approach to voluntary movements: Issues, problems, and controversies. Promoting Health and Performance for Life, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 15-19 August, 2005. Sydney, NSW, Australia: International Society of Sport Psychology.
Carson, R. G. (2005). Activity dependent coupling in sensorimotor coordination. Motor Control and Cognitive Neuroscience Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand, 7-9 December, 2005. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.
De Rugy, A., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2005). Interplay between intersegmental dynamics and the structure of the neuromuscular-skeletal system in a 2-degree-of-freedom rhythmic arm movement. NASPSPA 2005 Conference, Saint Petersburg, Fla, 9-11 June 2005. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Camus, M., Bonnard, M., Welsh, T. N. and Carson, R. G. (2004). Cognitive preparation to peripheral perturbation of wrist joint: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 23-27 October, 2004. Online: Society for Neuroscience.
Carson, R. G., Welsh, T. N. and Pamblanco-Valero, M-Ã (2004). Augmented feedback alters the variations in corticospinal excitability which arise from rhythmic movements of the opposite limb. Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 23-27 October, 2004. online: Society for Neuroscience.
Carson, R. G., Welsh, T. N. and Pamblanco-Valero, M. A. (2004). Augmented feedback alters the variations in corticospinal excitability which arise from rhythmic movements of the opposite limb. 2004 NASPSPA Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 10-12 June, 2004. Champaign, Ill, U.S.A.: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Warman, G. E., Popple, A. E. and Carson, R. G. (2003). Preliminary evidence for a non-linear response to neural input in the human upper limb. Behavioural Modes and Neural Mechanisms, Fraser Island, Qld, Australia, 6-9 July, 2003. Brisbane, Qld, Australia: Conference Organising Committee.
Ridderikhoff, A., Peper, C. E., Carson, R. G. and Beek, P. J. (2003). Musculoskeletal dynamics of the wrist during rhythmic activity. Behavioural Modes and Neural Mechanisms, Fraser Island, 6-9 July, 2003. Brisbane: Conference Organising Committee.
Welsh, T. N. and Carson, R. G. (2003). The effects of asymmetrically imposed inertial and viscous loads on bimanual coordination. SCAPPS 2003, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 16-18 October, 2003. Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology.
Welsh, T. N. and Carson, R. G. (2003). Neural and kinematic compensation for compliant loads during rhythmic bimanual coordination. Society for Neuroscience 33rd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A., 8-12 November, 2003. Washington, DC, U.S.A.: Society for Neuroscience.
Carroll, T. J., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2003). The sites of neural adaptation to resistance training revealed by transcranial stimulation. Neuronal Mechanisms in Strength and Power Training, Salzburg, Austria, 9-12 July, 2003.
Carson, R. G., Riek, S., Mackey, D. C., Meichenbaum, D. P., Wilms, K., Forner, M. and Byblow, W. D. (2003). Excitability changes in human forearm corticospinal projections and reflex pathways during rhythmic voluntary movement of the opposite limb. Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting 2003, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A., 8-12 November, 2003. Online: Society for Neuroscience.
Ridderikhoff, Ann, Peper, C. E., Carson, Richard G. and Beek, Peter J. (2003). Musculoskeletal dynamics of the wrist during rhythmic activity. XII International Conference on Perception and Action, Gold Coast, Australia, 13-18 July 2003. Mahway, NJ, U.S.A.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Shemmell, J. B. H., Tresilian, J. R., Riek, S., Forner, M., Barry, B. and Carson, R. G. (2003). Effects of neuromuscular-skeletal constraints on the acquisition of skill in a two degree-of-freedom movement task. Behavioural Modes and Neural Mechanisms, Fraser Island, Qld, Australia, 6-9 July, 2003. Brisbane, Qld, Australia: Conference Organising Committee.
Wyndow, N., Barry, B., Shemmell, J. B. H., Welsh, T. N. and Carson, R. G. (2003). Improved motor function in the upper limb following electrical afferent stimulation in normal subjects. Behavioural Modes and Neural Mechanisms, Fraser Island, Qld, Australia, 6-9 July, 2003. Brisbane, Qld, Australia: Conference Organising Committee.
Barry, B., Warman, G. E. and Carson, R. G. (2003). Increased neural drive following rate of force development training for young and older adults. Behavioural Modes and Neural Mechanisms, Fraser Island, Qld, Australia, 6-9 July, 2003. Brisbane, Qld, Australia: Conference Organising Committee.
Shemmell, J. P., Forner, M. J., Tresilian, J. R., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2002). Effects of neuromuscular-skeletal constraints. Society for Neuroscience, Orlando, FL, November, 2002.
Carson, R. G., Smethurst, C., Forner, M., Meichenbaum, D.P. and Mackey, D.C. (2001). The role of peripheral afference during the acquisition of a complex coordination task. San Diego, CA, 10-15 November, 2001. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience.
Carson, R. G. (2001). Governing coordination: A coalition of constraints. Valence, France, 1-3 November, 2001. Grenoble, France: l'Association des Chercheurs en Activites Physiques et Sportive.
Lewis, G. N., Byblow, W. D. and Carson, R. G. (2001). Phasic modulation of corticomotor excitability during passive movement of the upper limb: Effects of movement frequency and muscle specificity. From Basic Science to Applications, Montreal, Quebec, 15-18 August, 2001. Montreal, Quebec: Universite de Montreal.
Carroll, T., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2001). Resistance training alters the functional properties of the cortico-spinal pathway. Movement and Sensation, Cairns, Qld, 3-6 September, 2001. Sydney: IUPS.
Carroll, T., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2001). Reliability of indices of cortico-spinal excitability obtained from transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation. Brisbane, 28-31 January, 2001. Parkville, Vic: Australian Society for Neuroscience.
Barry, B., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2001). Rapid coordinated force production in elderly and young people. Australian Neuroscience AGM, Brisbane, 28-31 January, 2001. Sydney: Australian Neuroscience Society.
Byblow, W.D., Carson, R. G., Lewis, G. N., Riek, S. and Stinear, J. W. (2000). Passive movement alters the transmission of corticospinal input to upper limb motoneurones. 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 4-9 November 2000. Washington DC: Society for Neuroscience.
Barry, B., Carroll, T., Carson, R. G. and Riek, S. (2000). The influence of resistance training upon manual coordination. 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 4-9 November 2000. Washington DC: Society for Neuroscience.
Smethurst, C. and Carson, R. G. (2000). The acquisition of movement skills: Practice enhances the dynamic stability of bimanual coordination. 5th Biennial Motor Control and Human Skill Research Workshop, Surfers Paradise, 27-30 January 2000. Gold Coast, Qld: Griffith University.
Barry, B., Carroll, T., Carson, R. G. and Riek, S. (2000). The influence of resistance training upon manual coordination. 5th Biennial Motor Control and Human Skill Research Workshop, Surfers Paradise, 27-30 January 2000. Gold Coast, Qld: Griffith University.
Bell, V. E., Coppard, V. L., Jobling, A. M. A., Mon-Williams, M., Tresilian, J. R. and Carson, R. G. (2000). The preparation of reach to grasp movements in adults with and without Down Syndrome. 5th Biennial Motor Control and Human Skill Research Workshop, Surfers Paradise, 27-30 January 2000. Gold Coast, Qld: Griffith University.
Barry, B., Carroll, T., Sternad, D., Riek, S. and Carson, R. G. (2000). Cognitive and musculo-skeletal constraints on perception-action coupling: Wachholder revisited. 5th Biennial Motor Control and Human Skill Research Workshop, Surfers Paradise, 27-30 January 2000. Gold Coast, Qld: Griffith University.
Barry, B., Carroll, T., Carson, R. G. and Riek, S. (2000). The influence of resistance training on manual co-ordination. 2000 Pre-Olympic congress : International Congress on Sport Science, Sports Medicine and Physical Education, Brisbane, Australia, 7-12 September 2000. Belconnen, ACT: Sports Medicine Australia.
Carson, R. G. and Riek, S. (2000). Musculo-skeletal constraints on corticospinal input to upper limb motoneurones during coordinated movements. 5th Biennial Motor Control and Human Skill Research Workshop, Surfers Paradise, 27-30 January 2000. Gold Coast, Qld: Griffith University.
Carson, R. G. (1999). Neural and musculo-skeletal systems underlying the dynamics of coordination. Progress in Motor Control, Univ. Park, PA, 19-22 Aug, 1999. Univ. Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Univ..
Burgess-Limerick, R. J., Shemmell, J. B., Abernethy, A. B. and Carson, R. G. (1999). Spontaneous transitions in repetitive lifting and lowering. The Second International Cyberspace Conference on Ergonomics, Curtin Univ., Perth, 15 Sept-15 Oct, 1999. Curtin Univ. of Technology, Perth: The Int. Ergonomics Association Press.
Riek, S., Carson, R. G. and Wright, A. (1999). A technique for the selective recording of extensor cardi radialis longus and brevis EMG: Implications for determining the aetiology of tennis elbow. Fifth IOC World Congress, Sydney, 31 Oct-5 Nov, 1999. Canberra: Sports Medicine Aust..
Peper, C. E. and Carson, R. G. (1999). Pattern stability in a functionally asymmetric task. Tenth International Conference on Perception and Action, Edinburgh, Scotland, 8-13 Aug, 1999. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Byblow, W. D., Carson, R. G., Lison, J. F., Riek, S. and Smethurst, C. (1999). Neuromuscular-skeletal constraints upon the dynamics of unimanual and bimanual coordination. Progress in Motor Control, Univ. Park, PA, 19-22 Aug, 1999. Univ. Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Univ..
Riek, S and Carson, RG (1997). Musculo-skeletal Factors Strongly Influence Movement Dynamics. CHAMPAIGN: HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC.